![]() ![]() The Ukrainian government should confirm to states parties that remaining stockpiles of PFM antipersonnel mines currently in storage awaiting destruction cannot be used in combat operations. Ukraine should ensure that its forces respect their obligations under the Mine Ban Treaty in all circumstances.Landmines in fields and on rural paths and roads are harming agricultural production.Īll parties to the armed conflict in Ukraine should ensure that no antipersonnel mines are used by any actor and destroy any antipersonnel mines that they have seized or otherwise acquired.Landmine casualties have been reported in the conflict in Ukraine, including by Human Rights Watch, and new mine use can also be seen in the denial of access to homes, infrastructure, transportation routes, and agricultural lands used by civilians.Russia continues to produce both antipersonnel and anti-vehicle mines several new, previously unseen Russian landmines have been identified in use for the first time, including some antipersonnel mines produced as late as 2021.Both Russia and Ukraine stockpile landmines inherited from the former Soviet Union.Several landmine delivery methods have been documented since February 2022: hand-emplaced, mechanically laid, scattered by truck-mounted projectors, and remotely delivered by rockets.Those states include Estonia, France, Germany, Sweden, UK, and the US. States supplying Ukraine with weapons have transferred seven types of anti-vehicle mines.Hand-emplaced TM-62 series anti-vehicle mines appear to be the type most frequently deployed.Both Russian and Ukrainian forces have used at least 13 types of anti-vehicle mines (also called anti-tank mines).Booby-traps can function as antipersonnel mines when a person unintentionally activates the fuze and detonates the device. Russian forces also emplaced numerous victim-activated booby-traps as they retreated from positions they had taken, occupied, or fortified during the 2022 invasion.The use of antipersonnel mines by Ukraine is a violation of the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty, to which Ukraine is party.On January 31, 2023, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that Human Rights Watch’s findings “will be duly studied by the competent authorities of Ukraine.”.Ukrainian Deputy Defense Minister Oleksandr Polishchuk responded by letter to Human Rights Watch’s questions about Ukrainian forces’ use of PFM antipersonnel mines, saying that Ukrainian authorities cannot comment on the types of weapons used during the armed conflict “before the end of the war and the restoration of our sovereignty and territorial integrity.”. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Test for Non-Constant Variance - quick way from. This chapter describes how to compute and. ii) within-subjects factors, which have related categories also known as repeated measures (e.g., time: before/after treatment). Ensure that you make a statement and test all of the assumptions of ANOVA (see Lesson 7A). R-Script for Regression Analysis attach(reg) names(reg) lm1 lm(YX1+X2+X3, reg) summary(lm1) plot(lm1). The Mixed ANOVA is used to compare the means of groups cross-classified by two different types of factor variables, including: i) between-subjects factors, which have independent categories (e.g., gender: male/female). What is the story here? What cities are the same and what cities differ? Ensure you report the results of your ANOVA and support your claims of group differences and similarities with a plot and with the results of a TukeyHSD test. The data HERE reflects data from 4 groups of people, with each group reflecting data from a different city. They are the same but the data is represented in a regression format because it was defined as a linear model and not a special case. Look at the t statistics and p-value (recall F = t^2!!!). The short version is that ANOVA is a special case of multiple regression - it is just a form of a linear model. new chapter introducing correlation, regression, and analysis of variance Shows practitioners which test to use, why they work, and best practices for. Now, to plot the group means with 95% confidence intervals as the error bars you can simply use: If you recall, this will install the gplots library and then the library command will load it. See Lesson 1A but you can do the following: To do this, we need to add the library " gplots". The box plot above suggested this, another way to show this would be to plot the means with error bars. There is something important to note here - an ANOVA simply tells you whether or not there is a difference between groups, it does not tell you where the difference is. Our analysis revealed that there was a difference between groups, F(2,147) = 17.58, p < 0.001. Note, typically you would report this ANOVA as follows. Perhaps the most important are the F statistic and the p-value - in this case the p value is below 0.05 so the ANOVA suggests that there are differences between the groups. The summary table gives you a lot of key information. Of course you can use graphics to get a feel for what is happening. Rename the columns " subject", " group", and " rt". You will note the first column indicates subject numbers from 1 to 150, the second column groups codes for 3 groups, and the third column actual data. Load this DATA into a new table called " data" in R Studio. For a quick summary you can go HERE, but that is not really going to be enough. The first case we will examine is when you have three or more independent groups and you want to see whether or not there are differences between them - the test that accomplishes this is an Analysis of Variance - a between subjects test to determine if there is a difference between three or more groups.Īnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a complex business, at this point you need to find a textbook and read the chapter(s) on ANOVA. But what do you do if you have more than two groups? ![]() In earlier lessons you learned how to test to see whether or not two groups differed - an independent samples t-test. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Greek oxy- and -gen, meaning ' acid-forming'Įnglish soda (the symbol Na is derived from Neo-Latin natrium, coined from German Natron, ' natron') Greek nítron and -gen, meaning ' niter-forming' Greek elements hydro- and -gen, meaning 'water-forming'īeryl, a mineral (ultimately from the name of Belur in southern India) Symbols for chemical elements List of chemical elements ![]() Also given is each element's atomic number, atomic weight, or the atomic mass of the most stable isotope, group and period numbers on the periodic table, and etymology of the symbol. Ph for the phenyl group, and Me for the methyl group.Ī list of current, dated, as well as proposed and historical signs and symbols is included here with its signification. Many functional groups also have their own chemical symbol, e.g. This is often omitted unless relevant to a certain context because it is already deducible from the charge and atomic number, as generally true for nonbonded valence electrons in skeletal structures. A radical is indicated by a dot on the right side (e.g., Cl.If this number is one, it is normally omitted - the number one is implicitly understood if unspecified. The number of atoms of an element in a molecule or chemical compound is shown in the right subscript position (e.g., N 2 or Fe 2O 3).If necessary, a state of ionization or an excited state may be indicated in the right superscript position (e.g., state of ionization Ca 2+).The atomic number is redundant to the chemical element, but is sometimes used to emphasize the change of numbers of nucleons in a nuclear reaction. The proton number ( atomic number) may be indicated in the left subscript position (e.g., 64Gd).These details can be omitted if not relevant in a certain context. Alternately, the number here can represent a specific spin state (e.g., 1O 2). Various letters, such as "m" and "f" may also be used here to indicate a nuclear isomer (e.g., 99mTc). This number defines the specific isotope. The nucleon number ( mass number) is shown in the left superscript position (e.g., 14N).A few isotopes have their own specific symbols rather than just an isotopic detail added to their element symbol.Īttached subscripts or superscripts specifying a nuclide or molecule have the following meanings and positions: In addition to the letters for the element itself, additional details may be added to the symbol as superscripts or subscripts a particular isotope, ionization, or oxidation state, or other atomic detail. There are also some historical symbols that are no longer officially used. For example, "Uno" was the temporary symbol for hassium (element 108) which had the temporary name of unniloctium, based on the digits of its atomic number. Some symbols come from other sources, like W for tungsten ( Wolfram in German) which was not known in Roman times.Ī three-letter temporary symbol may be assigned to a newly synthesized (or not yet synthesized) element. For example, Pb is the symbol for lead ( plumbum in Latin) Hg is the symbol for mercury ( hydrargyrum in Greek) and He is the symbol for helium (a Neo-Latin name) because helium was not known in ancient Roman times. For some elements, this is because the material was known in ancient times, while for others, the name is a more recent invention. Element symbols for chemical elements normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet and are written with the first letter capitalised.Įarlier symbols for chemical elements stem from classical Latin and Greek vocabulary. The periodic table, elements being denoted by their symbolsĬhemical symbols are the abbreviations used in chemistry for chemical elements, functional groups and chemical compounds. ![]() ![]() Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ it helps control eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing polymerase nucleotide processing ability during elongation of the leading strand. Proteintech’s COX4I1 antibody (11242-1-AP) was generated against a COX4I1 whole-protein antigen (amino acids 1–169) and also recognizes COX4I2. For an alternative mitochondrial protein loading control see our entry on VDAC1 below. It is also advisory to double check that any experimental manipulations do not affect its levels. However, some caution is advised when selecting this protein for Western blot detection as many other proteins run at its 17kDa size during SDS-PAGE (make sure your band of interest won’t be obscured). Because of its dependably high level, COX4I1 is commonly detected as an effective loading control for mitochondrial proteins. COX4I1 expression is ubiquitous throughout all tissues, whilst COX4I2 is lung-specific. The COX-4 subunit can be expressed as either of two isoforms, isoform 1 and 2 named COX4I1 and COX4I2 respectively. Actin antibodiesĬOX-4, or COXIV (cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV), is a nuclear-encoded subunit of the human mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (COX). However, if your studies involve work with skeletal muscle samples, or you are working with conditions that see changes in cell growth or altered interactions with the extracellular matrix, another loading control may be better suited to your needs. Many studies use β-actin antibodies recognizing all actin isoforms to probe for this loading control collective. ![]() Proteintech’s polyclonal ACTB antibody (20536-1-AP) was generated using a β-actin protein antigen (amino acids 14–167) and recognizes all forms of actin, making it a pan-actin antibody. HeLa cell lysate (10 ug/lane) was separated by SDS-PAGE and actin was detected by anti-ACTB antibody 20536-1-AP at varying dilutions. Western blot analysis of ACTB in multiple cell line and tissue lysates using anti-beta actin mouse monoclonal (60008-1-Ig) at a dilution of 1:5000. As such, actin is widely used as an internal control in Western blotting experiments Together, actins are the most abundant proteins in the typical eukaryotic cell, accounting for about 15 percent of total protein in some cell types. The beta (β) and gamma 1 and 2 (γ1 and γ2) actins co-exist in most cell types and are an integral part of the cytoskeleton they are mediators of cell trafficking, structural integrity and cell motility. The alpha actins - alpha C1 and alpha 1 and 2 - are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus in muscle tissues. The six isoforms of actin constitute a family of highly conserved globular proteins comprised of three main isoform groups, alpha, beta, and gamma. View our summary table below to help select a loading control for your sample type with a different molecular weight to your protein of interest. Here we’ve provided background information on each of the internal control proteins targeted by control antibodies we offer, helping you choose the best control for your personal needs… This means control candidates require careful selection even bastions of the loading control repertoire - such as β-actin and α-tubulin - can be affected by the conditions of your experiment (so be sure to double check your chosen manipulations do not impact them.) As mentioned above, the most basic criterion for a loading control is that its level remains unchanged throughout an experiment, regardless of tissues or cell types used and how they are handled. The loading control candidates for Western blotting are usually proteins with high and constitutive expression. This step is used to standardize results and normalize for any errors that creep into a Western blot experiment, such as sample loss through loading at SDS-PAGE or Western blot transfer. ![]() those with constant, unchanging levels - are usually detected in a second round of blotting, following primary detection of your protein of interest. Protein standards are required to make sense of Western blotting results, and check that any increases and decreases in target proteins are actually due to experimental manipulations and not, for example, because the sample went wandering during gel loading. ![]() Western blotting requires such controls: it is widely used for the semi-quantification of protein levels under of a set of different experimental parameters. The proteins and peptides that regularly serve as endogenous or internal controls may not always take center stage in your research, but they are indispensable to your conducting meaningful experiments and are essential for publication. ![]() ![]() ![]() There are many risks of not using a transfer switch that go beyond simple convenience. From there, they should be able to advise what types of generators need transfer switches and which ones don’t. If you’re unsure whether your local government requires a transfer switch, talk to the building code enforcement office. ![]() And yet others only make it mandatory for standby generators. Some jurisdictions make it a requirement, while others just strongly suggest you have one. This is important to remember, as the level of power being produced requires the use of a regulator to help keep surges and backfeeding the grid from happening.īut what about legally? This is one of those questions that depends on the area in which you want to keep a backup generator. If your generator is above 5,000 watts, you will always need a transfer switch for safety reasons and ease of use. All you have to do is plug the portable generator into the transfer switch and you’re good to go! This includes hardwired devices, such as your dishwasher, hot water heater, air conditioning, and ceiling fans. The biggest benefit of having a transfer switch in a residential setting is that you gain the ability to power things up via your circuit breaker panel instead of having to use extension cords. However, portable generators don’t strictly need a transfer switch, but it is usually a good idea. Since they are always waiting for when the power goes down, it is important to have this extra piece of equipment to keep the power flowing without downtime. Standby generators for homes and businesses almost always need one. When the generator is turned on, the transfer switch changes the load from grid power to the generator. In the case of a generator for residential whole house power use, the generator is plugged into the transfer switch located on the circuit panel. This is ideal because it seamlessly keeps the energy flowing with minimal delay. In simple terms, a transfer switch is a permanent switch that connects to your power box that changes the power load between two sources.įor permanent sources of backup power, this happens automatically when the first source of power becomes unavailable. Here is a brief primer into the role that transfer switches play and why it is important to have one. This small piece of added equipment makes the backup power process seamless and helps ensure overall safety. One of the most important accessories for a generator is a transfer switch. But what about other items you need to go with it for optimum use? You already know having a generator for your home or business is a great way to ensure the necessary backup power when you need it most. ![]() The Role of a Transfer Switch for Portable & Standby Generators ![]() ![]() Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) are clickable links to these studies. We are dedicated to providing the most scientifically valid, unbiased, and comprehensive information on any given topic. With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. By contributing your product facts helps to better serve our readers and the accuracy of the content. ![]() If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please leave a comment or contact us. All trademarks, registered trademarks and service-marks mentioned on this site are the property of their respective owners. The provided information includes product information, overviews, buying guides, and product specifications. The content that appears on this page is presented as a nominative use product overview. Accordingly, we want you as a visitor to understand the instances we get paid to sell all products or services on this site. This way, you can make your skin adapt to whatever changes your body may undergo as you train to become a better version of yourself.Īs the owner/sponsor of this website, we have the full intention to be compliant with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) rules about the use of testimonials, endorsements, and overall content in advertising and marketing. This is the reason why pre and post-workout skincare should go hand in hand with training.įamiliarize yourself with ways to improve skin elasticity. Some areas may get bigger muscles, while you may lose some fat on some. The benefits of weight training for females are plenty and can bring about a lot of changes in the body. Que: Is cycling good for glutes?Īns: Cycling is an exceptionally good activity to lift and strengthen the glutes. Que: How long does it take to strengthen weak glutes?Īns: It take three to six weeks to have a significant impact. FAQ’s: Que: Can you work your glutes everyday?Īns: Training every day of the week is okay, as long as you structure it so your muscles can recover. Healthy fats like fish oil, olive oil, and nuts will also help you because knowing the lowdown on how to get a bubble butt workout is not enough. For carbohydrates, whole-grain alternatives can help you gain more muscles.ģ. Eat a good amount of protein like tuna, turkey, tilapia, legumes, cottage cheese, and lean meat.Ģ. Remember, anything in excess will always do more harm than good.ġ. How To Get A Bigger, Rounder Buttocks Using Proper Nutrition?ĭuring the recovery period, it is important to supplement your training with a proper diet.Īvoid overconsumption of protein or carbs.
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